Erik Erikson s Theory Of Development - 1245 Words

Susan is a sixty-seven year old woman. She worked in human resources for a significant portion of her life, however, in her later middle adult life decided to return to school to study to be a registered nurse (RN). This was tough for Susan considering she was a mother of five—her eldest being in her late twenties and her youngest in elementary school. When asked to reminisce over her life, Susan had numerous interesting stories from her life and shared much wisdom. If one analyzes Susan’s lifespan interview using Erikson’s theory, they will realize that she has always been conquering developmental conflict at each life stage. Before analyzing Susan’s life, when one looks closely at Erik Erikson’s theory, there are eight stages of†¦show more content†¦In this developmental stage adults face generativity versus stagnation. In the last developmental stage, late adulthood, people encounter an integrity versus despair crisis (Coon Mitterer, 20 15, p. 123-126). In addition, each stage has a virtue that is accomplished after the crisis has been resolved. This was just an overview to Erikson’s developmental theory, however, it greatly assists the analyzation of Susan’s life. To begin, this paper will not examine at the trust versus mistrust stage considering Susan cannot recollect being an infant. Therefore, beginning at the early childhood stage, Susan felt extremely self-sufficient compared to her younger siblings; she remembers having bathroom accidents and incidents of bed-wetting. Nevertheless, she remembers seeking her mother out and asking for assistance in the cleanup. Therefore, Susan clearly achieved autonomy over shame and doubt. The virtue earned here was will—she was willing to seek support and admit wrongdoing. The subsequent stage is the middle childhood stage; this age is characterized by children being playful and commencement school. At this period, the crisis is initiative versus guilt . Susan showed initiative and made exceptional grades in preschool and elementary school and as stated previously she showed early signs of mastering appropriate times to be guilty. She was ambitious and determined to do outstanding in school and was remorseful when she did

American and Mexican Culture Free Essays

Introduction to Ovulation * Many women learn how to calculate their ovulation when they first talk to a doctor about birth control. But some may still question whether they can get pregnant if they aren’t ovulating. The answer to that question is not as straightforward as it seems. We will write a custom essay sample on American and Mexican Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now One would think that if a woman isn’t ovulating, she can’t get pregnant. This is only partially true. Generally, a woman isn’t fertile if she isn’t ovulating. If she isn’t ovulating, she has no egg present to be fertilized outside the ovulation period. The confusion comes when trying to decipher when the ovulation period really is. Sometimes a woman can ovulate beyond what she considers her normal ovulating period, and she can become pregnant outside of her calculated fertility window. How to Calculate Ovulation * A woman generally ovulates between 11 and 21 days after her last menstrual cycle. Women with a 28-day cycle generally, on average, ovulate on day 14. But every woman is different and other factors can come into play to alter when and whether she ovulates. For some women, calculating ovulating periods can be tricky. Using methods such as evaluating cervical mucus, reading basal body temperature and keeping track of menstrual cycles can help with the calculations. A woman should get to know her body; this will be the most telling sign in knowing when ovulation occurs. If in doubt, an ovulation kit can help clarify when ovulation occurs. Ovulation Misconceptions * Many misconceptions surround ovulation. First, not all women ovulate on day 14 of their cycle. Another myth is that keeping up with ovulation is an effective birth control method. Although an egg can live for only 24 hours, sperm can live inside a woman for five to seven days. So even if a woman thinks it is safe to have unprotected sex a couple of days before she ovulates, the sperm can still fertilize the egg days after intercourse. For women who have irregular periods, it is not accurate to count from the last day of the menstrual cycle to determine the ovulating time frame. Can a Woman Get Pregnant If She Is Not Ovulating? * Technically, a woman cannot get pregnant if she isn’t ovulating. Determining whether and when a woman is ovulating can be miscalculated, however. A woman can actually get pregnant when she believes that she is safe because she thinks she isn’t ovulating. Sperm can live long enough to fertilize the egg days after intercourse. How to cite American and Mexican Culture, Essay examples

Company and Commercial Law

Question: Write an essay on the "Company and Commercial Law". Answer: Introduction The company and other organizations must adhere to the commercial law as stipulated or else face various fines and other consequences. The rights of various individuals who take part in several businesses are protected by the law. It ensures that the persons are not mistreated while they engage in numerous businesses. The trading of the goods and services should be done in an appropriate way to ensure that every person is satisfied with the trade. The conduct of persons taking part in the business is also monitored by the Commercial Law. It is a mandate that the people follow the rules to ensure there are no complications. The smooth running of the enterprises is vital and for the growth of the economy of a state. The businesspersons are expected to act accordingly and report any misconduct associated with businesses taking place. The court of law ensures that one gets the justice after presenting the matter before the judges and with substantial evidence. The discussion outlines the business structures, shareholder rights and the corporations act. Business Structure What type of legal business structure is Denise and Freda currently operating? Provides reasons Denise and Freda are operating a partnership business structure that is owned by two or more people. They have been in the business for over five years and have shared the earned profits equally. It has some similarity with the sole proprietorship that is operated by an individual and the persons do not need to file any documents or pay any fees for it to take place. Each individual is expected to report their share of the profits of the enterprise on their personal taxes as the income. Moreover, all the persons are liable for the debts, claims and any liabilities that the organization has to meet (Sheedy, 2011). The type of structure is ideal for the small businesses because the issues that regard the personal liability are not a primary concern. Denise and Freda have been operating the caf and serving the customers together for a long period. However, they have been in the dilemma of lacking enough capital to keep the caf running and joining another partner in their business. The i ndividuals need more funds so as to rectify the slippery floors that have not been friendly to the customers as they have been falling off and breaking their legs. The injuries have also affected the business as many people will try to avoid the caf due to its condition. It is the role of Denise and Freda to manage the caf as they own it and share the costs (Shade Epstein, 2003). Whether their current business structure is the most suitable for the caf or whether they should consider another form of business structure, and, if so, which one? On the other hand, the current business structure is the most suitable for the caf as it is a small business. It enables easy management as only the two individuals are involved in the process of managing all the activities taking place. They should not change the structure at the moment and should maintain it and ensure that it grows rapidly. They should be keen in all the processes and minimizes the losses for them to earn more profits. In addition to that, the caf should be renovated and designed well so as to attract more customers. The additional funds they require they should obtain a loan from a local bank to help them fix the issues they need (Gitman McDaniel, 2008). The loan will be helpful to enable keep the caf running and also improving their services. The other important thing, is that they should lay down the strategies that they need to follow. Moreover, the goals and objectives of the caf should also be clear and they should work hard to ensure they achieve them. The y should also advertise their caf services on various platforms to create awareness to the public. It will ensure that they gain more customers and that will increase their sales and the profits. The loan will be repaid in a short span if they take the matter seriously and be committed to their job. The clients should also be served with respect and dignity to ensure that they opt for the caf every time. Several offers should be given out from time to time as a sign of giving thanks to the customers for their support (Messenger et al, 2008). Liability of Directors Discuss any liability of the directors of TBC Ltd in relation to these events. The board of The Best Coffee Ltd is comprised of four directors and one of them is a non-executive director. The organization is large and has been listed on the Australian Stock Exchange due to its good progress. However, it has engaged in various investments that have been losing large sums of money and have not been reported and the financial statements have been prepared. The directors have various responsibilities that they should exercise from time to time for the benefit of the company. First of all, they are supposed to act in accordance with the powers that are stipulated in the organizations constitution. They have to utilize the powers for the purposes that they were conferred and not any other. Some of the directors have a tendency of misusing the powers and using them to use the company resources for their benefit. They should be used to help the company grow rapidly and also meet its goals and objectives. The organization should be organized to the level best and the di rector should ensure that all the activities are running smoothly as expected (Anderson, 2008). Secondly, one should promote and ensure the success of the organization for the benefit of all its members. The rapid growth of the company is important to increase its profits and ensure that all the involved highly benefit from it every time. They should ensure that the productivity of the company is maintained at all costs. The workers should be motivated to work and a friendly environment provided to enable them work diligently. The motivation is essential in any institution to give the employees the morale to improve their output. Thirdly, it is upon them to exercise their independent judgment on various issues affecting the company. They should evaluate and make several comparisons so as to make a critical decision that will be beneficial to the enterprise. All the activities should be monitored and the places that need change to increase productivity should be given the priority. Fourthly, the individuals should employ reasonable care, skill and diligence as they perform their day to day tasks. The powers they have they should utilize them in the correct manner and also allocate duties to the employees and other persons using the knowledge and skills they have gained. Through this the enterprise will run as required without any complications (Campbell Campbell, 2007). The fifth is that they should always avoid the conflicts of interest so as to ensure the motivation of the individuals or company is not corrupted. The concerned persons should come to a conclusion on a common interest that they should pursue and that which needs priority. The management of the institution will be easier to undertake when there is cooperation among the directors. The sixth is that they should never accept any benefits from the third party individuals. The idea may bring laxity in the company or collapse as they will use the weakness of the organization to their advantage. The information of the enterprise should remain confidential at all times for security of the company and its future. The third parties are not always trustworthy in the businesses and may bring in various investments or decisions that are not productive but to ruin the organization. The directors have the liability to execute their duties as they are required and without violating them (Mathias, 20 00). What are the consequences, if any of a breach of the Corporations Act? The breach of any law relating to the Corporations Act that regards the duties of a director has various consequences. First of all, an individual who is guilty of any criminal offence is penalized a maximum of two hundred thousand dollars or be incarcerated for up to five years. Moreover, the court of law can impose both of them on a person depending on the offences that one has committed. Secondly, a person is banned from managing a company the entire or a period of several years. It serves as a punishment for one to be disciplined and also sets an example to other people who have such motives. The persons are prohibited to administer an institution for a period of ten years or above depending on their mistakes. It is upon the individuals to ensure that they protect their positions by carrying out their duties and responsibilities as stipulated. Thirdly, contravening a civil penalty provision a penalty of over two hundred thousand dollars may be imposed on an individual. Lastly, on e may be personally responsible to compensate the organization or other persons that have suffered any loss or damage. The directors should at all-time not contravene the Corporations Act for the smooth running of their life and that of an organization (Rosenthal, 2012). Rights as a Shareholder A shareholder is a team, person or an organization that owns various shares in a company; it can be one or more. The privileges and rights are governed by the law that is stipulated in the country where the company is headquartered. The persons that own the common shares of a particular company stock are termed as the real owners of the corporation. Rick had purchased two shares that worth fifty thousand dollars from R Us Pty Ltd. He became a non-executive director but is not contented with the state of affairs of the company. The shoes company revenue has been increased by three hundred percent and he has not received any dividends. Rachel and Tanya have declined to pay the dividends as required. Moreover, they have voted themselves to get a huge pay rise and several bonuses and arranged to lease the most expensive cars for their personal use. However, after the first meeting, he his removed from the board due to his questioning of the dividends and objecting the lease of cars for e xclusive use (Miller Jentz, 2010). Advise Rick as to his rights as a shareholder/member. In addition to that, Rick has a number of rights as a shareholder of the R Us Pty Ltd. First of all, he has the right to share in profitability as long as he owns the shares. The dividing of the profits that have been earned by the company takes place depending on the shares that an individual has over a period of time. The shareholders have the rights to the revenue distributions that is done through dividend payments. The board of directors has the responsibility to declare the dividends in a particular period. Afterwards the shareholders should be able to receive them depending on the company rules. Moreover, they are not guaranteed and if the organization is liquidated, the common shareholders have the right to the assets and income of the institution. It is after the bondholders and the shareholders that have been preferred have been paid. Secondly, Rick has the right to control the management as he can vote during the elections of the board of directors. Among the small compani es, the chairperson of the board is the individual who has the largest shares. The shareholders have the right to influence who heads the management posts through the elections (Varrenti et al, 2011). Thirdly, Rick has the right to buy the new shares after they are issued to the public by the company. They also have the pre-emptive rights that are valuable and are provided at certain price through subscription per-share basis. The current shareholders in the organization are given the privilege to buy a certain number of shares before the new ones buy them. Lastly, he has the right to vote in the organizations annual meetings. The common shareholders voting rights are equal to one vote per the share that one owns and it greatly influences the individuals with large shares. The persons who feel their rights have been violated they got the right to sue the company. The court of law has the powers to enforce the shareholders rights when the companies have violated them. The management of the company should ensure that they do not violate the rights of the shareholders at all costs or face the law. Moreover, every shareholder should be given the chance to vote in the general meetings and there should be no favor. However, when an organization is sued in the court of law it can face heavy fines due to its misconduct. It can also face other penalties depending on how it has been carrying out its activities (Varrenti et al, 2011). Corporations Act 2001 It has various sections that outline the laws that the people need to follow in the organizations. Under section 180(1) the directors of any company have the duty to act with care and diligence in respect to the size of the enterprise. However, in section 180(2) some defenses are outlined in regard to the decision made under various circumstances even though it does not fit the corporation. It is supposed to be adhered to by the directors of the companies without fail. The organizations rely on the decisions of the top managers for its success and running the day to day activities. The bad decisions that a manager makes lead to the collapse of the company or incurring huge losses that take time to be recovered (Cseti, 2010). The strategies that are vital should be laid down by the management to ensure that the company meets its set goals and objectives in the future. All the processes that help the organization increase its productivity should be given the priority and be adhered to for it to earn more income and hence more profits. The individuals differ in their management way and every person has his or her own way of managing an enterprise. However, they have the objective of increasing the outputs and ensuring that the productivity of an organization improves rapidly. They should be careful in the strategies they implement to ensure they do not bring losses to the company (Tomasic et al, 2002). What are the criteria that a director needs to satisfy under section 180(2) in order to establish this defense? However, so as to establish the defense a director must satisfy the following criteria under section 180(2). First of all, they should make a judgment in good faith and for the best purpose. It ensures that they have exercised their powers in the correct manner even though the judgment has other negative consequences. They should select the proper purpose that is intended for a particular judgment to take place. Secondly, one should not have any material or personal interest regarding the judgment made. The director should focus on the interest of the company so as to make it progress and attain its goals. Using the criteria to make any judgment ensures that a director defends himself in case any issue arises. Thirdly, they should make themselves aware about the subject matter of the rule to the extent which they are sure of it to be appropriate. They should make sound judgments that they believe are the best for the company and its ultimate progress. The criterion helps in the defen se of the directors in case any unexpected outcomes prevail. The appropriate decisions are vital in any enterprise and help it achieve the stipulated goals and objectives. Lastly, they should logically believe that the decision they make is in the ultimate interest of the organization. It should be reasonable for it to be implemented and become successful to the company. It is upon the director to ensure that he or she believes that the decisions they make are rational and good for the company (Cassidy, 2006). Do you think that section 180(2) does a good job in protecting directors in making business decisions? Does it need to protect directors better? The section 180(2) does a good job in protecting the directors in making the business decisions. It gives the directors the motivation to make decisions as they are aware they are protected in case anything happens after the decision is implemented. Several decisions go wrong after they are made and had been well outlined by the directors. The logic in the decisions helps defend the director from any consequence after the decision fails. The companies highly depend on them and if anything happens they should be held liable. The directors should be well protected and their activities monitored to ensure they act accordingly. Conclusion In conclusion, the Corporations Act plays a greater role in outlining the laws that should be followed by various organizations and individuals. It outlines the duties and responsibilities of the directors and also their defenses. On the other hand, the shareholders have their rights in a company and the board of directors should not oppress them. The violation of their rights is against the law and one can face heavy fines if found guilty of the offence. However, there are types of business structures and it is upon an individual to choose the best that suits the business one is operating. Every structure comprises of its own characteristics and requirements that must be met for it to be successful. References Australia., CCH Australia Limited. (2011).Australian corporations securities legislation 2011. North Ryde, N.S.W: CCH Australia. Anderson, H. (2008).Directors' personal liability for corporate fault: A comparative analysis. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. Cassidy, J. (2006).Concise corporations law. Annandale, N.S.W: Federation Press. Cseti, D. (2010).Understanding personal property securities law. Sydney: CCH Australia. Clough, J., Mulher, C. (2002).The prosecution of corporations and their officers. Melbourne:Oxford University Press. Campbell, D., Campbell, C. T. (2007).International liability of corporate directors. Salzburg,Austria: Yorkhill Law Pub. Epstein, D. G., Freer, R. D., Roberts, M. J., Shepherd, G. B. (2015).Business structures. St. Paul, Minn: West Group. Gitman, L. J., McDaniel, C. D. (2008).The future of business: The essentials. Mason, OH:Thomson South-Western. nternational law: Keyed to courses using Damrosch, Henkin, Murphy, and Smit's "Internationalaw". (2010). New York, NY: Aspen James, J. (2003).Company law. London: Cavendish Pub